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J. J. C. Smart on the Moral Status of Animals

Animal Ethics

It is a merit of utilitarianism, with its stress on happiness and unhappiness, that lower animals must be considered along with human beings, so that they are not debarred from full or direct consideration because they are not "rational."

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J. Baird Callicott on Wild Life

Animal Ethics

Wild animals and native plants have a particular place in nature, according to the land ethic, which domestic animals (because they are products of human art and represent an extended presence of human beings in the natural world) do not have. as is the humane ethic.